Organizational Misbehaviour Is Important For Modern Day...

The purpose of this essay is to establish why the concept of organisational misbehaviour is important for modern-day managers, which is seen through two main themes of sexual harassment and whistle blowing. In this essay it will firstly define what organisational misbehaviour. Secondly is an analysis of sexual harassment and how it is part of organisation misbehaviour and following this is the second of the two themes that of whistleblowing and following this is why the concept of OMB important for modern-day managers and finally ended by the conclusion of the essay. Scholars have described organisational behaviour as a study that is concerned with the behaviour of the personnel within organisations. The subject of organisational behaviour is centrally concerned with the questions of how to develop and maintain behaviour that conforms to expectations and allows the realisation of the organisations goals. Furthermore Vardi and Wiener describes organisational misbehaviour as any intentional action by a member or groups of members of an organisation that defines and violates shared organisational norms and expectations, and the core societal values, mores and standards of proper conduct. Misbehaviour is commonly associated with the deliberate errant actions of the organisation’s employees. However in recent works, which indicated that organisational behaviour theorists are starting to view misbehaviour differently, and (Galperin, 2003; vardi and weitz 2004; kindwell and martinShow MoreRelatedContemporary Management Issues9330 Words   |  3 8 PagesEdited by Stewart Clegg. Amsterdam: Benjamins. (Second Draft) July 2001 The problem of whether employee resistance is possible under corporate relations of power that target the very hearts and minds of workers has become an increasingly important issue in recent critical organization studies. With the advent of ‘cultural cleansing (Strangleman and Roberts, 1999), ‘designer selves (Casey, 1995) and other forms of ‘normative controls (Kunda, 1992) related to culture engineering and teamworkRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Sports3830 Words   |  16 Pagesthe point that some factions of the society have made efforts to call those in charge to take responsibility and improve situations. As managers learning to adopt a social consciousness leading to a commitment of being socially responsible is paramount to the execution of one’s job. Developing a social consciousness and being socially responsible assists managers with the creation of a sound professional philosophy and subsequent ethical action. This essay in a step by step progression, explainsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesJoanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. WhilstRead MoreThe Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia8901 Words   |  36 Pages(Al-Mousa, 2010, p. 7). On the other hand, until the late nineteenth century, education in all parts of what is now, Saudi Arabia was traditionally, restricted to reading, writing and recitation of the Qur an. The beginning of what we may call modern education took place by the end of the nineteenth century in the then Ottoman provinces of Hijaz and al-Ahsa. In the 1920s a there were some private schools which they began offering non-religious subjects in som e of the larger towns. In 1951, aRead MoreDescribe with Examples How Schools May Demonstrate and Uphold Their Aims:14953 Words   |  60 Pagesstandards set out in its registration document.There are seven per cent of the children in England who attend independent schools and are known as private schools or public schools. Parents will pay for their children to attend these schools;Private Day Care nurseries – are privately owned and make a profit. They are register and inspected by Ofsted. They will take children aged from three months to five years or up to eight years if providing after school clubs. They are opened 8am to 6pm or 7am toRead MoreConflict Management and Emotional Intelligence63003 Words   |  253 Pagescompetition   are   among   the   areas   that   have   the   greatest   potential   for   serious   conflict.      But   people   generally   see   competition   as   the   driving   force   of   success,   and   play   down   the   importance   of   cooperation   which   is   equally   important   as   the   interconnectedness   of   the   global   community   deepens.      ‘Our   society   emphasises   competition  and  success.      Competition  begins  in  early  childhood  among  siblings,  continues   through   school,   and   culminates   in   business   and

Attachment Theory Is A Close Secure Lasting Bond Between...

Attachment theory in developmental terms Attachment theory in developmental terms is a close secure lasting bond that occurs between an infant/child and a care provider. This is a deep connection that starts to develop from the time of conception and continues on to flourish and establish itself in the early years of the child’s life. Bowlby, (1998) suggests that a child does need to develop a foundation with at least one primary care provider for their social and emotional development. Young Infants attach themselves to a primary caregiver who is sensitive and attentive within the bond that occurs early on and allows the child to experience the nature of love, security, nourishment, stimulation and comfort. However if this attachment†¦show more content†¦Focusing on the surrounds, a child’s non-verbal cues can tell you how they are feeling. This can be experienced through care taking and the emotional exchange that forms the attachment process, even though they are very different ways of connecting with a child. One would be a connection based on the care a parent provides for an infant, while the other is based on the quality of non-verbal emotional communication that occurs between parent and child in the early years of life Ainsworth, (2015). Identify what disrupts attachment Disruption to attachment can stem from separation anxiety through to reactive attachment disorder. Young infants already have an ability of distinguishing their primary caregiver through senses such as hearing, taste, smell therefore infants are more in-tune of this disruption and can cause distress or harm to the child if experienced. Within my professional context of foster caring, attachment disruption and distress is seen in many different ways. Some children display a variety of different emotions which may include being clingy to one primary caregiver, cry or even be angry or frustrated in reaction to that intense fear and distress they are feeling. However it is evident that disrupted attachment in children does varyShow MoreRelated Theories of Attachment: The Importance of Bonding with Infants and Toddlers1196 Words   |  5 PagesTo infants, the world is a brand new experience full of new sights and sounds, and their parents are their first teacher who educates them about the new environment around them. In addition, they learn about their surroundings through touch which is an important part of the way infants observe this strange new world. Babies and toddlers learn about the way relationships are formed through becoming attached to their parents and bonding with them. Infants and toddlers love hugs, kisses, gentle caressesRead MoreAttachment Theory And Its Effect On Social Work2045 Words   |  9 Pagespiece of work, is to describe and evaluate attachment theory and its value, it can have in the social work profession .One way I will do this is by finding a socially accepted definition of attachment theory and the academic s who have defined the process and its effect within social work. Firstly we need to know what exactly what attachment theory actually is. I belief this can be described as being a set of theories derived from academic s who feel attachment has a psychological normality for searchingRead MoreEvaluation Of Attachment Theory For Children With Disabilities2783 Words   |  12 PagesOverview of attachment theory Attachment theory shows an emotional bond that connects one person to another, in this essay, the theory is explained as how it relates to children with developmental disabilities and their families along with how it is practically applied. This theory was first explained by John Bowlby (1969) who regarded it as the earliest bond needed for survival of the young children. He emphasizes on caregiving relationships to reinforce positive behavior, it is dependent on theRead MoreThe Attachment Theory Of The Early Day Care Essay1824 Words   |  8 Pagesleads to a result of keeping infants at day care services. However, some critics argue about the sense of insecurity may be formed due to day care which may affect children’s mental well-being negatively, and directly links to the attachment theory. Bowlby (1953) define attachment theory as a long-lasting affectionate psychological bond in human beings, especially strong in the attachment between infant and mother. It is significan t that the attachment and the day care would seriously affect the developmentRead More The Attachment Theory Essays1797 Words   |  8 PagesThe Attachment theory is a psychological, ethological and evolutionary theory that gives a descriptive and explanatory framework of understanding interpersonal relationship between human beings. Presented by John Bowlby, the important tenet of this theory is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to progress generally. The idea of attachment theory is that infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsiveRead MoreThis Paper Investigates The Application Of Attachment Theory2882 Words   |  12 Pagesapplication of Attachment Theory to the study of infants with sensory-motor disabilities. It first summarizes the tenets of classic Attachment Theory as developed by Bowlby and Ainsworth in the second half of the twentieth century. Next, it argues that some of the underlying assumptions of the canonical form of Attachment Theory need to be revised in light of feminist and cultural critiques and work in Disability Studies in order to develop more appropriate metrics and to apply Attachment Theory in a moreRead MoreClient Presentation And Service Delivery10192 Words   |  41 PagesDevelopment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ..8 Psychological Development Social Development Cognitive Development Affective Development Theories that Inform Community Services Practice 10 Attachment Theory Trauma Trauma Theory Identify Relevant Support for Clients 12 Outcomes Measurement Tools 15 ABAS-II – Adaptive Behaviour Assessment System The Griffith Mental Development Scales (GMDS) The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley-III) Sensory Profile Indigenous Risk Impact Screen and Brief Intervention (IRIS) BarriersRead MoreHealth, Safety and Welfare in Ecce Setting19648 Words   |  79 PagesOutdoor Safety. Signs and symptoms of unwell child. Crà ¨che Safety Check list Sample Example Risk Assessment for a Crà ¨che Summary Evaluation Recommendations Bibliography â€Å"The effective functioning of child rearing processes in the family and other child settings requires public policies and practices that provide place, time, stability, status, recognition, belief systems, customs and actions in support of child rearing activities not only on the part ofRead MoreHealth, Safety and Welfare in Ecce Setting19648 Words   |  79 PagesOutdoor Safety. Signs and symptoms of unwell child. Crà ¨che Safety Check list Sample Example Risk Assessment for a Crà ¨che Summary Evaluation Recommendations Bibliography â€Å"The effective functioning of child rearing processes in the family and other child settings requires public policies and practices that provide place, time, stability, status, recognition, belief systems, customs and actions in support of child rearing activities not only on the part ofRead MoreAfrican American Daughters And Non Residential Fathers : A Qualitative Exploration9462 Words   |  38 PagesExploration La Toi S Smith Chapter 1 Introduction I spent the majority of my life being raised by a single mother due to my parents’ divorce. Because of my parents’ divorce, my mother stated firmly that I had changed and became a difficult child. I remember rebelling, suffering with low self-esteem and self-worth and blaming myself for the absence of my father. It was not until I was well into womanhood that I found peace within myself, as well as with my nonresidential father. Through the

Work Experience Letter-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write a work Experience letter. Answer: February 17, 2016 To Whom It May Concern This is to certify that Mr. Mubeen Hayat was an associate and member of our company, Bawani Trading LLC, Dubai, U.A.E from December 13, 2014 to February 4, 2016 for a period of one year. He had joined the company under the designation of Digital Marketing Executive. Mr. Mubeen Hayat has been verifiably a student of the Canadian University of Dubai with his degree in Bachelor of Business Administration having Marketing as his major. He has also completed a five months internship with a reputed company who have appreciated and praised his dedication and work. His knowledge in marketing has proved to be beneficial for the companys marketing strategies bringing positive response from the consumer community. He has shown high capability in the practical application of his knowledge in business and marketing. During his tenure with the company, his job role was to monitor simultaneously various online platforms through his contribution of engaging content, development of strategies for the purpose of attracting traffic and driving growth of community, analysis of data for the enhancement of online performance, planning and execution of marketing campaigns to boost up rates of conversation. His job role involved development of online interaction and promotions of content. His key responsibilities in his job role during the period of his association with the company were to analyze content and data demographically so that decision making so that the process of decision-making can be aligned with achieving high conversation rates. He was responsible for monitoring and measuring online performance and marketing campaigns on social media. He was responsible for managing marketing content through the preparation of native feeds on a weekly basis for organizing promotional campaigns and enhancing customer engagement. The typical responsibilities pertaining to his job role during his tenure with the company were direct marketing and working with department of IT in relation to digital media. He was also responsible for developing and granting proposals supporting the endeavors of digital media. He was responsible for performing outreach programs involving active communities of social media projects. He was also responsible for working with locally based business organizations for developing objectives of digital media. He was responsible for performing other duties as assigned. He was responsible for establishing an online presence for reporters of public relations campaigns, consumers, community members, government officials and anyone else who could promote the company products and services. In addition, he was responsible for using Web 2.0 in spreading the client messages. He was responsible for managing the social media pages of the brand. His duty also involved responding to consumer requests and queries via email, forums and social media; launching and managing new social media pages of the firm. He had the responsibility of creating and organizing content to be published on platforms present online. His job role also required him to be able in managing communities through driving online communication. He was responsible for monitoring the online performance of the firm as well as of the competitor brand. He was responsible for implementing strategies to attract traffic online. He also had the responsibility for improving the brands website design, content and utility. Throughout his tenure with the company, he has shown great efficiency in carrying out all the above-mentioned duties and responsibilities. He has constantly proved himself hard working, diligent, sincere, inquisitive and productive in his work. He has also shown immense patience in handling complicated jobs. He has shown capability of functioning efficiently under high amounts of stress and pressure. He has also successfully satisfied and attracted clients and consumers. He is fluent in both verbal and non-verbal communication. We have found him to be an enthusiastic, motivated, dutiful and committed team player with strong practical and conceptual knowledge. He has shown competency in addressing complicated and complex situations. He has proved himself to be proactive and as having adequate skills in quick and efficient grasping of concept. He has demonstrated considerable eagerness towards acquiring new learning skills and implementing them effectively. During the tenure of his job with the company we have found him to be of sound mental and physical health with a strong personality. He has shown qualities like honesty and truthfulness. We have found him to be extremely polite and social in interacting with other members of our firm. We have found him to be of good character and conduct, well mannered and punctual. We at Bawani Trading LLC, wish him success in all his future endeavors. Regards, Manager (Human Resource)

Catechol Oxidase Lab free essay sample

The Effect of Dfferent Concentrations of the Enzyme Catechol Oxidase on the Rate of Benzoquinone Production When Mixed with Pure Catechol Carson Levine November 4th, 2013 Abstract Catechol oxidase is an enzyme that speeds up the oxidation reaction when catechol is exposed to oxygen. When the reaction occurs, benzoquinone Is produced turning the oxidized substance brown. It was hypothesized that the higher the concentration of catechol oxidase, the browner the substance will turn, and the faster it will achieve the color. In the present lab, different concentrations of catechol oxidase were mixed ith pure catechol and the rate at which each solution browned was measured using a colorimeter. The results showed that the solution with the high concentration of catechol oxidase had the fastest rate at which It turned brown. However, It did not turn the brownest the solution with the medium concentration of enzyme did. These results show that our hypothesis was both supported and not supported and it was concluded that Increase In catechol oxidase concentrauon Increases rate of turning brown but does not increase the level of brownness a substance becomes. Introduction Have you ever wondered why the inside of your apple turns brown if you leave It on the counter atter taking a bite? This is because there is a compound within the apple called catechol which, when exposed to the air, becomes oxidized by the oxygen in the alr and produces benzoquinone, which makes the apple appear brown (Andrew Clappers onllne Journal, 2 ) I nls cnemlcal reaction Is catalyzed Dy tne enzyme catechol oxidase (Figure A. l). Enzymes are proteins in cells that speed up chemical reactions (Enzyme Procedure Guide, 2013). The catechol oxidase lowers the amount f energy needed in order for the catechol to be oxidized, which speeds the process up. Fig. A. l: The oxidation process of catechol with the help of catechol oxidase produces benzoquinone. (Enzyme Procedure PowerPoint, 2013) If you frequently eat apples you may have also noticed that different types apples brown at different rates. This is because each kind of apple has a different concentration of catechol oxidase (Daniela Finkel, 2013). Therefore, each apple has a unique speed at which it will produce benzoquinone, and turn brown. This experiment was designed to investigate the following hypothesis: The higher the oncentration of catechol oxidase, the browner the substance will be, and the faster it will achieve the color (Enzyme Procedure Guide, 2013). Within the experiment, pure catechol was mixed with different concentrations of catechol oxidase and the rate at which each solution produced benzoquinone was measured. The amount of benzoquinone made throughout the trials was measured by using a colorimeter to measure the level of brownness of the liquid. The colorimeter worked by shining a light through the liquid and then measuring that light on the other side to see how much of it was absorbed. In this experiment, absorbance of blue light was measured because blue light is absorbed by the color brown. The amount of blue light absorbance was measured every 15 seconds for five minutes. Because enzymes speed up reactions, more enzymes would cause the reaction to be even faster. Procedure/Materials and Methods The lab leaders and the Punk Rock Warlord prepared three different concentrations of catechol oxidase by extracting potato Juice (because it contains lots of catechol oxidase). Pure catechol, a 5mL test tube, 1 mL/5mL syringes, a colorimeter and water were also used. mL of pure catechol and 1 mL of the highly concentrated catechol oxidase were measured with the syringes. Both liquids were then injected into the 5mL test tube. The 5mL tube was placed into the opening in the colorimeter and the lid of the colorimeter was closed. The measure of absorbance of blue light displayed on the screen of the colorimeter was recorded every 15 seconds for five minutes. This procedure was repeated for two more trials, each with 4mL of pure catechol; one used 1 mL of medium concentrated catechol oxidase and one used 1 mL of low concentrated catechol oxidase. The independent variable was the concentration of catechol oxidase, the dependent varlaDle was tne rate 0T turnlng Drown, tnere were no controls, tnere were tnree replications and the sample sizes were 1 1 (for high concentration) and 10 (for medium and low concentrations). Results Section Figure 1 shows that before the rates began to plateau, the high enzyme concentration solution was turning brown the fastest. Table 1 shows that the high enzyme concentration had the fastest rate and that on average, it deviated from the mean more than the medium and low concentrations. Figure 2 shows that the high nzyme concentration solution was turning brown the fastest. Table 2 shows that the different rates each solution turned brown are statistically significant. Table 1: Average Rates of for High, Medium and Low Concentrations of Catechol Oxidase and the Absolute Average Deviations. Three different concentrations of catechol oxidase were added to pure catechol and the rate of change in the absorption of blue light (production of benzoquinone) was measured every 1 5 seconds using a colorimeter. Data shown as mean of % of absorption per minute. N=11 for the high concentration and n=10 for the medium and low concentrations. Concentration of Catechol Average Slope (Rate) Abs.

2015-2016 ACT Test Dates

2015-2016 ACT Test Dates SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are wondering about when the ACT had its test dates during the 2015-2016 academic year? Maybe you need to confirm the date you took the you're just curious, or perhaps you want to know whenACT, Inc. will holdfuture tests. In this article, I’ll give you the ACT test dates for 2015-2016 and explain the factors to think about when selecting your test date. ACT Test Dates for 2015-2016 Check out the test dates, registration deadlines, and multiple choice score release dates for 2015-2016. Though the exact dates vary every year, this basic schedule, with dates in September, October, December, February, April, and June, remains the same. Test Date Deadline Late Deadline Score Release* Sept 12, 2015 Aug 7, 2015 Aug 21, 2015 Sept 22-Nov 6, 2015 Oct 24, 2015 Sept 18, 2015 Oct 2, 2015 Nov 10-Dec 28, 2015 Dec 12, 2015 Nov 6, 2015 Nov 20, 2015 Dec 22, 2105-Feb 6, 2016 Feb 6, 2016** Jan 8, 2016 Jan 15, 2016 Feb 17-Apr 1, 2016 Apr 9, 2016 Mar 4, 2016 Mar 18, 2016 Apr 19-Jun 3, 2016 Jun , 2016 May 6, 2016 May 20, 2016 Jun 21-Aug 5, 2016 *= Refers to the period in which multiple choice scores were released. Normally, you'll get your writing scores about two weeks after you receive your multiple choice scores. **= No February dates were scheduled in New York. How to Choose Your Test Date Now that you have an idea of when the ACT offers testing, here are some of the major factors to consider when picking your ACT test date: Know Your Deadlines! The most important thing to remember is to take your ACT before any deadlines. If you apply regular decision, the December test in your senior year will be the last test you can take for most colleges. If you apply early, the last test you can take may be in October or November of your senior year. Additionally, there are scholarship deadlines. If you want to obtain any scholarships that consider your ACT score, you may need to take your ACT before the scholarship application deadline. How Many Times Do You Want to Take the ACT? Most students improve their scores when they retake the ACT, and you should allow yourself an opportunity to take the test multiple times. Generally, we recommend taking the ACT for the first time in the fall of your junior year. Then you can retake it in the spring of your junior year and the fall of your senior year if necessary. How Long Do You Plan to Study? When picking your test date, make sure you have enough time to prepare. Get an idea of how long you’ll need to study and ensure you’ll be able to sufficiently study before you take the test. If you take both the April and June tests without doing any additional preparation in between, your score probably won’t improve much. Do You Have Conflicts With Any Test Dates? Check to see if you have any potential conflicts on or around any of the ACT test dates. Maybe the February date is on the same day as your big wrestling tournament. Perhaps you want to avoid the June test date because you’ll be spending most of your waking hours studying for finals. It may be difficult to find a time when you can fully devote yourself to the ACT, but you should try to choose the best test dates for you. What's Next? If you're studying for the SAT for 2016-2017, check out our review for the new edition of The Real ACT Prep Guide. Are you worried about balancing your test prep with school? Get some expert tips for how to successfully prepare for the ACT without sacrificing the quality of your schoolwork. Finally, check out our ultimate guide to ACT prep for study guides, strategies, and practice tests. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Justin Berkman About the Author Justin has extensive experience teaching SAT prep and guiding high school students through the college admissions and selection process. He is firmly committed to improving equity in education and helping students to reach their educational goals. Justin received an athletic scholarship for gymnastics at Stanford University and graduated with a BA in American Studies. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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The Affair of The Necklace, Marie Antionette s exubernat appetitte for exotic jewels has taken its toll on the 3rd estate .

The Affair of The Necklace, Marie Antionette s exubernat appetitte for exotic jewels has taken its toll on the 3rd estate . On Christmas day of the year 1783 the bluching 16 yrs old Austrian Princess soon to be Queen of France arrived at the French Court.As day strolled by the EMpire grew bigger under the newly appointed minister of Finance .As the EMpire Grew booth militarily and economically as did the Royals need for acquiring huge wealth.Wealth was everywhere in the exuberant building the expensive looking architecture the musems on the Rue Royale.Money was pouring in the economy so fast and half of which ended in the Royals hands .One Royal in Particular was so high mantineance that it took the equivelant of "four pieces of jewelery a week to satisfy her evergrowing apetitte for lush expensive diamonds and precious stones the world over." quotes her Estate Jewler.The Queen bored with the usual assortment of mounts and jewels her jeweler provided. Threatend him that if he does not come up with an interesting and exubernt necklace set soon he would wish he was brittish and that meant death.English: Mar gueritede Bourgogne,Queen of FranceMarie Antionette had seventeen toy dogs from a breed called Pug , they were always bejewled with diammonds and rubies when she was present.The Jewler using the governments tax money bought the most expensive jewles avaliable form India ,Eygpt , Turkey and South America. He spent nearly all the money acquiring the black gold and the jewels and mounts and the hands (jewlers from all over the world particpated in the design of this lavish necklace).Jaenne Elles Marques Le Luc , Daughter of the Marquee of Bath , was Marie Antionette's newly appointed stealthy Lady in Waiting.Jeanne went to the jewler to tell him about the deadline the Queen of France has set for the delivery of the necklace , wehn he surprised her...

Psychoanalytic Theory and Learning Perspectives Essay

Psychoanalytic Theory and Learning Perspectives - Essay Example It should be mentioned that his theories also underwent the same process of development and change, much like the theories of the mind that preceded his arrival on the field of psychology. His famous theory of the Id, Ego and Super-Ego was a result of a continuing process, beginning with the first topographical model, in which the mind was divided in 3 psychic areas, each allocated to an unconscious, subconscious and pre-conscious level of function. One of the central elements of the system was the censor located between the unconscious and the pre-conscious, whose basic purpose was to repress certain unconscious mental activity (Perelberg). It should be mentioned that, according to this theory, such activity still represented a part of the unconscious, and it only became part of the conscious mind if it was focused on through the process of attention. Freud in a 1915 paper, "The Unconscious", presented clinical manifestation, where such dynamically unconscious thoughts were apparent ; however, it was more than clear that the theory needed to be modified, as same systems operating in the area of the unconscious and conscious inadequately explained the structure and functions of the human mind (Perelberg). Some psychologi Some psychologists explain that the second topographical model was, in most part, based on the previous model; what was revolutionary was the clear definition of the individual areas of the mind, as well as their level and method of functioning. The theory of the Id, Ego and Super-Ego "had a highly clarifying effect and so made further clinical advances possible. But it did not in itself involve any fundamental changes in Freud's views on mental structure and functioning. Indeed, the three newly presented entities, the id, the ego and the superego, all had lengthy past histories" (Perelberg). In his new model, Freud defined the Id as the repressed unconscious, as well as the setting of our desires. This aspect of the mind had no structure and it was solely based on the pleasure principle, which demanded the uncompromising fulfillment of its desires. It represents the basic and most primitive part of the human mind, directed towards satisfying essential desires, ranging from nutrition al to sexual needs, and, according to Freud, it is most evident in young children. The Ego, which was the focus of Freud's research was formed at a later age, when the pleasure principle came in contact with reality, and the realistic condition that not every desire can be fulfilled. This realistic principle modified the pleasure principle forming the regulatory principle of the ego, which acts as the primary censor of the unconscious. It was defined by Freud in 1923 as the primary organizer, using the principles of adaptation, integration and control in order to create a functioning individual in the conscious reality. Freud further developed the theory by focusing on the ego from an aspect of an object of certain facets of our psychological live, like our libido. In schizophrenic patients, the objects of libido are substituted with the ego, which forces the patients to become megalomanic (Perelberg). This is closely related